1.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
2.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and is a part of the Boston metropolitan area. According to the 2010 Census, the population was 105,162. As of July 2014, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, Springfield, Cambridge was one of the two seats of Middlesex County prior to the abolition of county government in 1997, Lowell was the other. The site for what would become Cambridge was chosen in December 1630, because it was located safely upriver from Boston Harbor, Thomas Dudley, his daughter Anne Bradstreet, and her husband Simon, were among the first settlers of the town. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631, the settlement was initially referred to as the newe towne. Official Massachusetts records show the name capitalized as Newe Towne by 1632, the original village site is in the heart of todays Harvard Square. In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge itself to the city of Boston were pursued and rejected, in 1636, the Newe College was founded by the colony to train ministers. Newe Towne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court primarily—according to Cotton Mather—to be near the popular, in May 1638 the name of the settlement was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge, England. Hooker and Shepard, Newtownes ministers, and the colleges first president, major benefactor, in 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university. It was Governor Thomas Dudley who, in 1650, signed the charter creating the corporation which still governs Harvard College, Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles by road from Boston, the capital of the colony. By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with farms and estates comprising most of the town. Coming up from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3,1775, most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24,1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, a second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts, in the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution when it gave the country a new identity through poetry and literature. Cambridge was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires, the Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes—were highly popular and influential in their day. Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846, the citys commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the downtown of the city around this time. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge then led to three changes in the city, the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave. For many decades, the citys largest employer was the New England Glass Company, by the middle of the 19th century it was the largest and most modern glassworks in the world
3.
Colony Club
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The Colony Club is a women-only private social club in New York City. Founded in 1903 by Florence Jaffray Harriman, wife of J. Borden Harriman, as the first social club established in New York City by and for women, today, men are admitted as guests. The club and the street in front of it were often the site of large suffrage rallies sponsored by the Equal Franchise Society to which members of the Club belonged. Stanford White was slain by Harry K. Thaw months before construction of the Colony Club was completed, the building was designed in the Federal Revival style, and has unusual brickwork done in a diaper pattern as a notable feature of its facade. The Old Colony Club was sold after the club moved to its new location in 1916, today, the building houses the East Coast headquarters of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. It was awarded landmark status by the City of New York in 1966, the second clubhouse, located at 564 Park Avenue, also known as 51 East 62nd Street, on the northwest corner, was commissioned in 1913 and constructed from 1914 to 1916. In 1973, Secretary of State Henry Kissingers birthday party was held at the Colony Club, in 2007, memorial services for Brooke Astor were held there. The Club presently has approximately 2,500 members who have access to discussions, concerts, and wellness and athletic programs. The Clubhouse consists of seven stories,25 guest bedrooms, three dining rooms, two ballrooms, a lounge, a court, an indoor pool, a fitness facility. Annual gross revenues are more than $10 million, madeleine Talmage Force Astor – wife of John Jacob Astor IV Ambassador Robin Chandler Duke Florence Jaffray Harriman – founder Jessica Garretson Finch, college president, founding member. Elisabeth Marbury Kathleen Troia McFarland Anne Morgan – a daughter of J. P. Morgan, full list of members in first year New York Times Documenting the Gilded Age, New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century. A New York Art Resources Consortium project, exhibition catalogs from the Colony Club
4.
Marine Air Terminal
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In LaGuardia Airports overall terminal naming scheme, the Marine Air Terminal is called Terminal A. The terminal has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1982, New York was in dire need of a new airport by 1934 when Fiorello H. Plans for the airport, which was to be sponsored and funded through the Works Progress Administration, were approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on September 3,1937. Just six days later, the Mayor presided over groundbreaking ceremonies, at 558 acres and with nearly 4 miles of runways, the $40,000,000 airport was the largest and most expensive in the world to that time. New York Municipal Airport–LaGuardia Field opened on October 15,1939, the first flight from the Marine Air Terminal by a Pan American Clipper departed on March 31,1940, carrying a crew of 10, nine passengers and over 5,000 pounds of mail. It landed in Lisbon, Portugal 18 hours and 30 minutes later, the Pan American Clippers – with a wing span of 152 feet, a cruising speed of 200 mph and a capacity to carry 72 passengers – were luxurious. The two-deck interior featured dining rooms, private compartments and sleeping sections, however, the glamorous era of the Clippers was brought to an abrupt halt by the outbreak of World War II. The terminal was closed for traffic in the 1950s and it fell into a state of disrepair. In 1966, it was renovated and reopened as a terminal for corporate jets, since 1985, the terminal has been used primarily for shuttle services between New York and Boston and Washington D. C. In 1985, Pan American World Airways began the Pan Am Shuttle service between New York and Boston from the Marine Air Terminal, Delta Air Lines acquired the service from Pan Am in 1991 and continues to use the terminal for operating the Delta Shuttle. Several commuter airlines, air taxis, private aircraft, Sheltair Aviation Services, and this, however, did not take place and Delta continues to operate the Delta Shuttle from the Marine Air Terminal at the present time. Inside the terminal hangs Flight, a mural measuring 12 feet in height and 237 feet in length, completed by James Brooks in 1940, Flight depicts the history of mans involvement with flight. The mural was painted over without explanation by the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey in the 1950s, after an extensive restoration project headed by aviation historian Geoffrey Arend, the mural was rededicated on September 18,1980. Aviation, From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Historic American Engineering Record No, nY-89, New York Municipal Airport, Marine Air Terminal, Grand Central Parkway at Ninety-fourth Street, Jackson Heights, Queens County, NY
5.
Walters Art Museum
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The Walters Art Museum, located in Mount Vernon-Belvedere, Baltimore, Maryland, is a public art museum founded and opened in 1934. It holds collections established during the mid-19th Century, located across the back alley, a block south of the Walters mansion on West Monument Street/Mount Vernon Place, on the northwest corner of North Charles Street at West Centre Street. The following year, The Walters reopened its original building after a dramatic three-year physical renovation and replacement of internal utilities. The Archimedes Palimpsest was on loan to the Walters Art Museum from a collector for conservation. This was one of the largest and most comprehensive such releases made by any museum, the Walters collection of ancient art includes examples from Egypt, Nubia, Greece, Rome, Etruria and the Near East. In 1911, Henry Walters purchased almost 100 gold artifacts from the Chiriqui region of western Panama in Central America, the museum owns the oldest surviving Chinese wood-and-lacquer image of the Buddha. It is exhibited in a gallery dedicated solely to this work, the Museum holds one of the largest and finest collections of Thai bronze, scrolls, and banner paintings in the world. Islamic art in all media is represented at the Walters, the Walters Museum owns an array of Islamic manuscripts. Walters Art Museum, MS W.613 contains five Mughal miniatures from a very important Khamsa of Nizami made for the Emperor Akbar, Henry Walters assembled a collection of art produced during the Middle Ages in all the major artistic media of the period. This forms the basis of the Walters medieval collection, for which the Museum is best known internationally. Considered one of the best collections of art in the United States, the Museums holdings include examples of metalwork, sculpture, stained glass, textiles, icons. Sculpted heads from the royal Abbey of St. Denis are rare surviving examples of sculptures that are directly connected with the origins of Gothic art in 12th Century France. An ivory casket covered with scenes of jousting knights is one of about a dozen such objects to survive in the world, many of these works are on display in the Museums galleries. Works in the collection are the subject of active research by the curatorial and conservation departments of the museum. The collection of European Renaissance and Baroque art features holdings of paintings, sculpture, furniture, ceramics, metal work, arms, the museum has one of ten surviving examples of the Sèvres pot-pourri vase in the shape of a ship from the 1750s and 1760s. William and Henry Walters collected works by late 19th Century French academic masters, Henry Walters was particularly interested in the courtly arts of 18th Century France. The museum’s collection of Sèvres porcelain includes a number of pieces that were made for members of the Royal Bourbon Court at Versailles Palace outside of Paris. Portrait miniatures and the examples of works, especially snuffboxes and watches, are displayed in the Treasury, along with some exceptional 19th-
6.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
7.
Robert F. Kennedy
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Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, commonly known by his initials RFK, was an American politician from Massachusetts. He served as the United States junior senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was previously the 64th U. S. Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, serving under his older brother President John F. Kennedy and his successor, Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and is seen as an icon of modern American liberalism. After serving in the United States Naval Reserve as a Seaman Apprentice from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy graduated from Harvard University, prior to entering public office, he worked as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Joe McCarthy. Kennedy was the manager for his brother John in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed Attorney General after the election and served as the closest adviser to the president from 1961 to 1963. His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the Civil Rights Movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, after his brothers assassination, he remained in office in the Johnson administration for a few months. He left to run for the United States Senate in New York in 1964, in 1968, Kennedy was a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency, he appealed especially to poor, African-American, Hispanic, Catholic and young voters. Robert F. Kennedy was born on November 20,1925, in Brookline, Massachusetts and his older brothers were Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. and John F. Jack Kennedy, who was elected the 35th President of the United States in 1960. His younger brother was longtime United States Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy, all four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. His father was a businessman and a leading Irish Catholic figure in the Democratic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr. expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also urged the children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedys hopes fell on his son, John. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a role in the familys political ambitions. Kennedys older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John would take him for walks and regale him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read. One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, John sometimes referred to Robert as Black Robert due to his prudishness and disposition. He described his position in the hierarchy by saying, When you come from that far down
8.
Guy Lowell
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Guy Lowell, was an American architect and landscape architect. Born in Boston, Lowell was the son of Mary Walcott and Edward Jackson Lowell, and he graduated from Nobles Classical School in 1888 and from Harvard College in 1892, and received his degree in architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894. In the middle of these studies he married Henrietta Sargent, the daughter of the director of Harvards Arnold Arboretum, Charles S. Sargent of Brookline, Massachusetts, returning to the United States, Lowell opened his own practice in Boston in 1899 and was successful immediately. By 1906, he had opened a office in New York. His commissions included large public, academic, and commercial buildings, as well as many residences, country estates. He was the architect and landscape architect for the first Charles River dam, completed in 1910 and he designed five structures on the dam, the Upper and Lower Lock Gate Houses, the Stable, the Boat House, and an open pavilion. Lowell is perhaps most recognized for his design of two buildings, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the New York State Supreme Court building in New York City. Some of his commissions included Lowell Lecture Hall at Harvard and academic buildings at Phillips Academy Andover, Simmons College. Guys work on Harvard Universitys Presidents House was commissioned by his cousin, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, the house remained the residence of succeeding presidents until 1971, when Derek Bok moved his young family to the bucolic grounds of the Elmwood colonial mansion. Elmwood was the home of another of Guys ancestors, the celebrated American writer, poet. As Percival Lowells third cousin, Guy became the trustee of the Lowell Observatory after his cousins death in 1916. Lowell also made a name for himself as a landscape architect and his obituary in The New York Times notes that he designed or fitted up gardens for the elder J. Pierpont Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and the Piping Rock Club. Additional garden-related projects included those of T. Jefferson Coolidge, Mrs. Oscar Lasigi in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and it is in the area of education that Lowell left his lasting mark on the profession of landscape architecture. He founded the short-lived, but influential, landscape architecture program at MIT, under his guidance, the program developed as a synthesis of French planning ideals and Italian garden design, with a significant emphasis on horticulture and engineering. The first students graduated from the program in 1902 and it was an undergraduate option from 1900 until 1904, and it continued as a graduate course until 1909, with Lowells offering instruction in landscape architecture until 1912. He taught an important group of landscape architects their trade including Mabel Keyes Babcock, George Elberton Burnap, Marian Cruger Coffin, Martha Brookes Hutcheson, Lowell also published several books, including, American Gardens, Smaller Italian Villas and Farmhouses, and More Small Italian Villas and Farmhouses. He also contributed to American Gardens, a photographic magazine, Lowell died suddenly in the Madeira Islands on February 4,1927. W. Russell, The Works of Guy Lowell, Charles A. Birnbaum and Robin S. Karson, Pioneers of American Landscape Design, pp. 230–33
9.
Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)
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Massachusetts Avenue, known to locals as Mass Ave, is a major thoroughfare in Boston, Massachusetts, and several cities and towns northwest of Boston. According to Boston magazine, Its 16 miles of blacktop run from gritty industrial zones to verdant suburbia, passing gentrified brownstones, college campuses, after Harvard Square it turns sharply northward, passes Harvard Law School, then passes through Porter Square, where it bears northwestward. It continues through North Cambridge, Arlington, and Lexington, where it enters the Minuteman National Historical Park, the road, by the same name, continues northwest and west, through many different cities and towns. It largely parallels or joins Route 2 and Route 2A, all the way into central Massachusetts, for much of its length, Massachusetts Avenue is a center of commercial activity, especially through the larger towns. Apartments, shops, and restaurants fill both sides of it, and there is a lot of pedestrian traffic, a number of linear parks cut across various portions of Mass. Boston Cambridge Arlington Lexington Concord Acton Boxborough Harvard Lunenburg signs Route 2A as Mass Ave, on the night of April 18–19,1775, Paul Revere rode his horse down a portion of this road on his Midnight Ride. On April 18–19,1775, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott also rode on portions of road on their way to Concord. Massachusetts Avenue was formed at the end of the century from what were separate roads. In Boston the road was previously called East Chester Park south of Chester Square, across the river in Cambridge the road follows part of what was once Front Street near the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then follows the former Main Street to Harvard Square. From Harvard Square to the Arlington line at Alewife Brook it follows what had been North Avenue since 1838, and prior to that the Road to Menotomy. In Arlington it follows the former Arlington Avenue, and in Lexington it follows the former Main Street south of the Battle Green, Massachusetts Avenue is served with direct connections for a number of the MBTAs bus and subway routes between Lexington and Boston. An additional stop at Arlington Center was mooted during the 1980s Red Line extension, two MBTA Commuter Rail stations are located on Massachusetts Avenue, Porter in Cambridge and Newmarket at the South Bay Shopping Center in Dorchester. Fenway Theatre Cyclist places potted plants on Mass
10.
Union Club of the City of New York
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The Union Club of the City of New York is a private social club in New York City, founded in 1836. It is located at East 69th Street and Park Avenue in a building designed by Delano & Aldrich that opened on August 28,1933. The club is considered one of the most prestigious and exclusive club in New York City. The current building is the clubs sixth clubhouse and the third built specifically for the members, in 1927, club members voted to move uptown, to a quieter and less crowded location. The Union moved to its current location in 1933, the building is known for its opulence and idiosyncratic details. At one point the building featured five dining rooms and a humidor with 100,000 cigars, notable rooms include the card room, the backgammon room, the library, and the lounge. From the beginning, the Union Club was known for its conservative principles. In fact, even during the Civil War, the Union refused to expel its Confederate members and this policy, and a belief that The Unions admission standards had fallen, led some members of the Union to leave and form other private clubs. In 1903 The Brook was founded by prominent members of the Union Club. In 1918, The Union began using women as waitresses, in order to free male employees for service related to World War I and this was the first time women were officially allowed entrance to the previously male-only enclave. In 1932, the Union Club boasted 1,300 members, by the 1950s, however, urban social club membership was dwindling, in large part because of the movement of wealthy families to the suburbs. In 1954, Union Club membership had declined to 950 members, in 1959, the Union Club and the Knickerbocker Club considered merging the Unions 900 men with The Knicks 550 members, but the plan never came to fruition. The Union Club is one of the few places where the game of pool is still popular. In the 1988 film Working Girl, Tess and Jack gatecrash the wedding of Oren Trasks daughter at the Union Club, where they finally are able to pitch their plan to Trask. John Jacob Astor IV, millionaire and RMS Titanic victim James Gordon Bennett, Jr. publisher of the New York Herald, bon vivant and eponym of the British exclamation Gordon Bennett. In 1947, the club published Union Club World War II Records 1940 -1947, recording the military accomplishments of members who served during the War. List of American gentlemens clubs Official website Images Union Club Of New York At Brick & Cornice Architectial essay on 51st Street Location
11.
Peter G. Gerry
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Peter Goelet Gerry was an American lawyer and politician who served in the United States House of Representatives and later, as a U. S. He holds the distinction of being the only U. S, senator to lose re-election and later reclaim such Senate seat from the person who had defeated him. His father was worth an estimated $25,000,000 in 1912 and his maternal grandmother, Hannah Green Goelet, was the granddaughter of Peter Goelet. His father, Elbridge T. Gerry, was first cousins with Robert Goelet, in the summer of 1899, Gerry and his brother Robert were tutored by William Lyon Mackenzie King, who later became the Prime Minister of Canada In 1901, Gerry graduated from Harvard University. He studied law and was admitted to the Rhode Island bar in 1906 and he inherited large real estate holdings from his mother, who died in 1920, which Gerry and his elder brother, agreed to sell in 1922. He was a candidate for re-election in 1914, but he was elected to the United States Senate in 1916. He was the first United States senator from Rhode Island elected by popular vote rather than by the state senate and he was also the first Rhode Island Democrat United States senator to serve since 1859. From 1919 to 1929, Gerry was the Democratic Whip and he has been described as a Wilsonian Moralist. In 1928 he was a candidate for re-election, but in 1934 he was again elected to the U. S Senate over the man who had defeated him six years earlier. He was not a candidate for re-election in 1946 and they did not have children and divorced in 1925. Later that same year, Mathilde married Sumner Welles, who was years her junior whom had divorced his wife, Esther Slater. At the time, rumors circulated around Washington that Sumner and Mathilde were having an affair that both their marriages. On October 22,1925, Gerry married Edith Stuyvesant Dresser and she was the mother of Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt, who married John Francis Amherst Cecil, son of Lord William Cecil and Mary Rothes Margaret Tyssen-Amherst, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney. Gerry died on October 31,1957 in Providence, Rhode Island and his elder brother, Robert Livingston Gerry, died several hours later in Delhi, New York. He was buried at St James Cemetery, Hyde Park, New York and his widow died on December 21,1958. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
12.
The Harvard Crimson
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The Harvard Crimson, the daily student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873. It is the daily newspaper in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is run entirely by Harvard College undergraduates. Any student who volunteers and completes a series of known as the comp is elected an editor of the newspaper. Thus, all members of The Crimson—including writers, business staff, photographers. Editorial and financial decisions rest in a board of executives, collectively called a guard and this process is referred to as the turkey shoot or the shoot. The unsigned opinions of The Crimson Staff are decided at tri-weekly meetings that are open to any Crimson editor, the Crimson is almost the only college newspaper in the U. S. that owns its own printing presses. At the beginning of 2004 The Crimson began publishing with a front and back page. The Crimson also prints over fifteen other publications on its presses, the Crimson has a rivalry with the Harvard Lampoon, which it refers to in print as a semi-secret Sorrento Square social organization that used to occasionally publish a so-called humor magazine. The two organizations occupy buildings within less than one block of each other, interaction between their staff has included pranks, vandalism, and even romance, Crimson alumni include Presidents John F. Kennedy of the Class of 1940 and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Class of 1904. Currently, The Crimson publishes two weekly pullout sections in addition to its daily paper, an Arts section on Tuesdays. The Crimson is a organization that is independent of the university. All decisions on the content and day-to-day operations of the newspaper are made by undergraduates. The student leaders of the newspaper employ several non-student staff, many of whom have stayed on for years and have come to be thought of as family members by the students who run the paper. The Crimson is composed of 10 boards, Arts, Business, News, Sports, Editorial, Blog, Design, Fifteen Minutes, Multimedia, and Technology. The Yale Daily News, published daily since its 1878 founding except for breaks during World War I and II, the Columbia Daily Spectator, founded in 1877, claims to be the second-oldest college daily. The Brown Daily Herald, established in 1866 and daily since 1891, claims to be the second-oldest college newspaper, the Cornell Daily Sun, launched in 1880, claims to be the oldest independent college newspaper. The Crimson traces its origin to the first issue of The Magenta, published January 24,1873, the Magentas editors declined Dean Burneys advice and moved forward with a biweekly paper, a thin layer of editorial content surrounded by an even thinner wrapper of advertising. Never has been, the color of Harvard
