1.
.357 SIG
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The.357 SIG pistol cartridge is the product of Swiss-German firearms manufacturer SIG Sauer, in cooperation with American ammunition manufacturer Federal Cartridge. The cartridge is used by a number of law enforcement agencies and has a reputation of accuracy. Performance is similar to the 9×23mm Winchester, then Remington introduced the unsuccessful.22 Remington Jet, which necked a.357 Magnum case down to a.22 caliber bullet, and the.221 Remington Fireball, a shortened version of their.222 Remington. The.357 SIG has 1.27 ml cartridge case capacity.357 SIG maximum C. I. P, americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2=18 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands=8.71 mm, Ø grooves=9.02 mm, land width=2.69 mm, several sources have published contradicting information regarding.357 SIG headspacing. This is due to the cartridge having been designed as a.357 round. 2008 revised documents, the.357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth, some US sources are conflict with this standard. However, the cartridge and chamber drawing in the ANSI/SAAMI American National Standards also clearly shows the cartridge headspacing on the cartridge mouth, likewise, US reloading supplier Lyman has published that the.357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth. Rulings the.357 SIG case can handle up to 305 MPa piezo pressure, regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.357 SIG is set at 275.80 MPa, most.40 S&W pistols can be converted to.357 SIG by replacing the barrel, but sometimes the recoil spring must be changed as well. Pistols with especially strong recoil springs can accept either cartridge with a barrel change, magazines will freely interchange between the two cartridges in most pistols.357 SIG barrel kits have allowed this cartridge to gain in popularity among handgun owners. However, the.357 SIG is loaded to higher pressures than the.40 S&W, the table below shows common performance parameters for several.357 SIG loads. Bullet weights ranging from 115 to 150 grains have been offered, key, Expansion – expanded bullet diameter. Penetration – penetration depth. PC – permanent cavity volume. TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume. Because of its high velocity for a handgun round, the.357 SIG has an unusually flat trajectory. However, it not quite reach the performance of the.357 Magnum with bullets heavier than 125 grains. Offsetting this general slight disadvantage in performance is that semi-automatic pistols tend to carry more ammunition than revolvers. Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the energy available in the.357 SIG is sufficient for imparting hydrostatic shock with well-designed bullets, users have commented, Were really impressed with the stopping power of the.357 SIG round. The bottleneck shape of the.357 SIG cartridge makes feeding problems almost non-existent and this is because the bullet is channeled through the larger chamber before being seated entirely as the slide goes into full battery
2.
0 Series Shinkansen
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The 0 series trains were the first Shinkansen trainsets built to run on Japans new Tōkaidō Shinkansen high-speed line which opened in Japan in 1964. The last remaining trainsets were withdrawn in 2008, the 0 series entered service with the start of Tōkaidō Shinkansen operations in October 1964. These units were white with a stripe along the windows and another at the bottom of the car body. Unlike previous Japanese trains, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen and all subsequent Shinkansen lines were standard gauge, the trains were powered by 25 kV AC electricity at 60 Hz with all axles of all cars powered by 185 kW traction motors, giving a 220 km/h top speed. The original trains were introduced as 12-car sets, with some sets later lengthened to 16 cars, later, shorter trains of 6 cars and even 4 cars were assembled for lesser duties. Production of 0 series units continued from 1963 until 1986, Shinkansen sets are generally retired after fifteen to twenty years. Following retirement from service, JR-West ran a number of special commemorative Hikari runs in December 2008. Hikari 347, powered by set R61, arrived at Hakata Station at 6,01 pm on 14 December 2008, bringing to an end the 44 years of service of the 0 series trains. The initial shinkansen fleet delivered for use on Hikari and Kodama services on the Tōkaidō Shinkansen from 1 October 1964 consisted of 30 12-car sets formed of 1st- and these sets were allocated to Tokyo and Osaka depots. The original 12-car sets were formed as follows, with two cars and two buffet cars. A further 21 6th- to 9th-batch 12-car sets were delivered between 1967 and 1969 with only one car for use on Kodama services. The T sets were built by Tokyu Car Corporation and these sets were formed as follows. From the opening of the Sanyo Shinkansen in 1972, these sets were renumbered H1 to H30, between 1972 and 1973, the earlier 12-car Kodama sets were lengthened to 16 cars with the inclusion of new 13th- and 15th-batch cars, and were renumbered K1 to K47. The fleet as of 10 March 1975 consisted of 64 sets, between 1977 and 1980,35 new 16-car NH sets were formed of −1000 subseries cars for Hikari services on the Tokaido Shinkansen and Sanyo Shinkansen lines. The introduction of 100 series and later 300 series trains reduced the number of 0 series trains used on Hikari services, with 0 series Hikari services operated by JR Central ending in 1995. A small fleet was maintained by JR-West for use on additional holiday period Hikari services, with the last remaining unit, NH32. The NH sets had two Green cars and a restaurant car in addition to a car, although use of the restaurant cars was discontinued from the mid-1990s. The 16-car YK sets were operated by JR Central on the all-stations Kodama services and these sets had upgraded reserved seat cars with 2+2 seating employing 100 series style seats, but only one Green car per 16-car set
3.
1st Armored Division (United States)
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The 1st Armored Division—nicknamed Old Ironsides—is a combined arms division of the United States Army. The division is part of III Corps, with its base of operations in Fort Bliss in El Paso and it was the first armored division of the U. S. Army to see battle in World War II. Major General Robert P. White assumed command of the 1st Armored Division on 15 June 2016, the division command group consists of, Commanding General, Major General Robert P. White Deputy Commanding General, Brigadier general Frazer Lawrence. Deputy Commanding General, Brigadier general Jeffery Broadwater, Deputy Commanding General, Brigadier general Daniel Walrath. Chief of Staff, Colonel Charles D. Costanza, Command Sergeant Major, Command Sergeant Major Danny Day. Since relocating to Fort Bliss, Texas, the division has been reorganized under the new design, in which the deployable unit of maneuver is a brigade. The division consists of three brigade combat teams, an aviation brigade, a division artillery brigade, and a sustainment brigade. After the spring of 2015, 3rd IBCT deactivated after redeploying from Afghanistan, Magruder, after he saw a picture of the frigate USS Constitution, which is also nicknamed Old Ironsides. The large 1 at the top represents the numerical designation of the division, in January,1918, the Tank Corps of the United States Army was created with Colonel S. D. At his direction, a Lt. Wharton designed the coat of arms which was a triangle on a shield with a surrounding wreath. The triangle itself is an old heraldic element of design known as a pile. There was no shoulder patch in 1918, only this unit crest, the 7th Cavalry Brigade contributed the other part of the present day Armor shoulder patch. The brigade formed out of the 1st Cavalry Regiment at Marfa Texas, on Jan 16,1933 under General Van Voohris, the 7th Cav Bde included the 13th Cavalry. The 7th Cavalry Brigade had been organized specifically to develop the new armored force concept, Colonel George Linthwaite joined the 13th Cavalry regiment in 1933. Major General Robert W. Grow was instructed to develop a patch for the new armored force. Major Grow announced to the brigade that a contest would be held to design the new Armored force patch, a three-day pass was to be the reward for the designer of the winning entry. Private Linthwaite designed a patch which was 4” round and had a solid yellow-gold background to symbolize the Cavalry heritage, on the face of the patch he drew a stylized black tank track with drive and idler sprockets to symbolize mobility. In the center of the track at a diagonal, he placed a single cannon barrel, also in black
4.
1st Infantry Division (United States)
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The 1st Infantry Division is a combined arms division of the United States Army, and is the oldest continuously serving in the Regular Army. It has seen service since its organization in 1917 during World War I. It was officially nicknamed The Big Red One after its shoulder patch and is also nicknamed The Fighting First, however, the division has also received troop monikers of The Big Dead One and The Bloody First as puns on the respective officially-sanctioned nicknames. It is currently based at Fort Riley, Kansas, sibert, from Army units then in service on the U. S. -Mexico border and at various Army posts throughout the United States. The total authorized strength of this TO&E was 18,919 officers, George S. Frank W. Coe, who later served as Chief of Coast Artillery, was the divisions first chief of staff. The first units sailed from New York City and Hoboken, New Jersey on 14 June 1917, throughout the remainder of the year, the rest of the division followed, landing at St. Nazaire, France, and Liverpool, England. After a brief stay in rest camps, the troops in England proceeded to France, the last unit arrived in St. Nazaire 22 December. Upon arrival in France, the division, less its artillery, was assembled in the First training area, on 4 July, the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry, paraded through the streets of Paris to bolster the sagging French spirits. At Lafayettes tomb, Captain C. E. Stanton of the 16th Infantry Regiment stepped forward and said, Lafayette, two days later,6 July, Headquarters, First Expeditionary Division was redesignated as Headquarters, First Division. The total authorized strength of this new TO&E was 27,120 officers, on the morning of 23 October, the first American shell of the war was fired toward German lines by a First Division artillery unit. Two days later, the 2nd Battalion of the 16th Infantry suffered the first American casualties of the war, by April 1918, the Germans had pushed to within 40 miles of Paris. In reaction to this thrust, the Big Red One moved into the Picardy Sector to bolster the exhausted French First Army, to the divisions front lay the small village of Cantigny, situated on the high ground overlooking a forested countryside. The 28th Infantry Regiment attacked the town, and within 45 minutes captured it along with 250 German soldiers and it was the first American victory of the war. The 28th was thereafter named the Black Lions of Cantigny, Soissons was taken by the First Division in July 1918. The Soissons victory was costly –700 men were killed or wounded, the First Infantry helped to clear the St. Mihiel salient by fighting continuously from 11 to 13 September 1918. The last major World War I battle was fought in the Meuse-Argonne Forest, the division advanced seven kilometers and defeated, in whole or part, eight German divisions. This victory was due to the efforts of George C. Marshall, who at the time was a captain in the 1st Division and organized soldiers movements, the war was over when the Armistice was signed
5.
1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots
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The day saw the highest numbers of journalists injured by police in a single event since Ukraines independence regain in 1991. Also,1 December became the first instance of a building being occupied by protesters in modern history of the country. Initially,35 people were injured as a result of the raid, including a Reuters cameraman. Most of the protesters were students, at 09,20 Berkut besieged the St. Michaels Golden-Domed Monastery where approximately 50 Euromaidan activists, including the injured, found sanctuary. Minister of Internal Affairs Vitaliy Zakharchenko later apologized and claimed riot police abused their power, via state television he added if there are calls for mass disturbances, then we will react to this harshly. In addition,7 policemen were also injured, ambassadors from some ten countries of the European Union, among which was the Ambassador of the European Union in Ukraine, Jan Tombinski, visited protesters at the meeting. According to Hromadske. TV, by 16,00 the meeting gathered some 5,000 people who were shouting Wont forgive, at St. Michael Square protesters started to form units of self-resistance. Approximately 10,000 protesters remained in the evening of the 30th, with an estimated 10,000 more from Lviv travelling to Kiev on Saturday night, on 30 November opposition parties Batkivshchyna, UDAR and Svoboda set up Headquarters of National Resistance throughout Ukraine. Opposition forces planned the rally on the 1st to take place at St. Michaels Square, during the 1 December rally, protesters followed through and defied the ban and marched form St. Michaels Square to re-take Maidan Nezalezhnosti. People chanted Out with the thugs and sang the Ukrainian anthem, the opposition party Batkivshchyna claimed as much as 500,000 protesters turned out for the rallies, and opposition leader Petro Poroshenko claimed 350,000 were on Maidan Nezalezhnosti. Other news agencies reported over 100,000 in Maidan Nezalezhnosti alone, one poll had 70% of the surge in protesters attributable to the violence of 30 November. At around 14,00, a group of protesters commandeered a bulldozer from Maidan Nezalezhnosti, people threw bricks at Internal Troops guards. At least three people were injured outside of the administration building, receiving head injuries from flying debris. The opposition stated that the confrontations with police forces were organized by provocateurs. They confirmed that the protests of opposition are peaceful, number of activists including Peoples Deputy of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko attempted to stop the tractor. Radio Stolytsia reported that Berkut riot police stopped a motorcade of protesters from heading towards the mansion in Mezhyhirya. The opposition occupied the Kiev City Council and the Trade Unions Building and they still remain under control of the protesters. At the city building, protesters broke windows to get inside the building
6.
1 South African Infantry Battalion
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1 South African Infantry Battalion is a mechanized infantry unit of the South African Army. Established as 1 SA Infantry Training Battalion at Oudtshoorn, on 26 January 1951, the unit was reconstituted as 1 SA Infantry Battalion in November 1967 and moved to its current base at Tempe near Bloemfontein, in November 1973. The unit became mechanised in 1976, and the first Ratel infantry combat vehicle course was presented by Major Roland de Vries, full scale mechanised training commenced the next year. By 1978,1 SAI took part in Operation Reindeer,1 SAI was also later involved in operations Sceptic, Protea, Daisy, Askari and Moduler. Lt JJ du Toit and LCpl AT Rutherford were awarded Honoris Crux decorations during Sceptic, mechanised leader training at 1 SAI commenced in 1979. Peled writes that after January 1993,151 Battalion, formed from the Southern Sothos in the Orange Free area, was assimilated into 1 SAI, in Sept 1999, a disgruntled junior officer from 1 SAI went on a shooting spree through the unit. Lt S. Madubela killed seven personnel and injured five and he was eventually by his colleagues and died in a crossfire 1 SAI is equipped with Ratel 20 Infantry Fighting Vehicles, Ratel 60 mm Mortar Platform Vehicles, Ratel Command Vehicles with mounted 12. 1 SAI has also used Buffel IFVs and Mambas at certain stages in its history, Ratel mounted weapons include the Denel Land Systems GI-220 mm Quick Firing Canon,60 mm breech-loading mortar, Browning M1919 Machine gun and the Browning M212.75 mm Machine gun. Under Project Hoefyster, the SANDF will eventually replace the Ratel family of vehicles with the Badger system. In 1 SAI wil ek bly, dis die eenheid net vir my, slaggereed en kommer vry, servire, servire, servire parati is ons lese as jy vra,1 SAI Bataljon,1 SAI
7.
1 Special Service Battalion
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1 Special Service Battalion is an armoured regiment of the South African Army and only one of two such in its regular force. The Regiment is based at Tempe near Bloemfontein and it was previously known in Afrikaans as 1 Spesiale Diens Bataljon. Following World War II, the Special Service Battalion was re-organised into 2 battalions -1 Special Service Battalion and 1 South African Infantry Battalion, 1SSB also took part in the South African Border War, serving in South-West Africa and Angola. More recently, the unit took part in Operation Boleas. 1SSB had a unit for a number of years in the post-World War II era, designated 2 Special Service Battalion. This unit has now been disbanded, 1SSB also detached squadrons to various battlegroups in the South West African campaign Lt. Col. May 1933 - Nov 1933 Lt. Col. P de Waal, Dec 1933 - Jan 1934 Lt. Col. WHE Poole. Feb 1934 - Apr 1935 Lt. Col. J Danie, may 1935 - Jan 1936 Maj. JR Wocke. Feb 1936 - Dec 1937 Lt. Col. HB Klopper, Jan 1938 - Sep 1939 Lt. Col. HP van Noorden. Oct 1939 - Dec 1939 Lt. Col. GCA van Dam, Jan 1940 - Jun 1940 Lt. Col. CEG Brits. Jun 1940 - Aug 1946 Lt. Col. GN Nauhaus, Sep 1946 - May 1949 Maj. EE Fodred. Jun 1949 - Aug 1949 Maj. PE Ferguson, Sep 1949 - Jan 1951 Cmdt. Feb 1951 - Sep 1953 Cmdt, Oct 1953 - Dec 1960 Cmdt. Jan 1961 - Jun 1963 Cmdt, Jul 1963 - Oct 1964 Cmdt. Nov 1964 - Nov 1967 Cmdt, Dec 1967 - Nov 1968 Cmdt. Dec 1968 - May 1969 Cmdt, Apr 1969 - Sep 1972 Cmdt. Oct 1972 - Jul 1973 Maj. AJ Snyman Aug 1973 - Nov 1973 Cmdt, Nov 1973 - Nov 1976 Cmdt. Dec 1976 - Dec 1979 Cmdt, Jan 1980 - Nov 1981 Cmdt
8.
1 Squadron SAAF
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On 31 August 1939 the squadron was re-designated as 1 Bomber/Fighter Squadron and this was then changed to 11 Squadron in December 1939. The squadron was resurrected in February 1940 by the renumbering of 6 Squadron, equipped with four Hurricane Mk 1s,1 Squadron saw active service in East Africa in 1940, the Western Desert, Malta, Sicily and ended their war service in Italy in 1945. In 1950 the squadrons Spitfires were replaced with Vampires and these in turn were replaced by Sabre Mk6s in 1956, in 1976 the squadron received Mirage F1AZ attack aircraft and it was disbanded when the F1AZs were retired on 25 November 1997. Each squadron comprised 18 aircraft, divided into 3 flights each, each flight was structured to form the working nucleus of a squadron. On 31 August 1939,1 Transvaal Air Squadron was re-designated as 1 Squadron, and the original aircraft were replaced with Hawker Hartebeest. The Squadron was the first SAAF squadron to deploy in support of the Allied war effort, once they had arrived in Egypt, they were equipped with 18 Gloster Gladiators. At the same time, the squadrons Hurricanes were ferried north from Pretoria on 22 and 24 May, accompanied by a Ju86 carrying the maintenance crews, by early June the pilots from Egypt had married up with their aircraft in East Africa and were declared operational. The squadrons first operational mission in an attack on the Italian air base at Yavello in Abyssinia on 19 June 1940, the task of the four Hurricanes was to escort three Ju86 bombers from 12 Sqn in the attack on the airfield. The Squadron then continued operating with the remaining Gladiators and Hurricanes from airfields in Abyssinia, although the East African campaign continued until November 1941, the absence of Italian fighters permitted the squadron to be moved to the Middle East on 8 April 1941. From June 1940 to April 1941 the squadron operated from Kenya, Abyssinia, Sudan, the Squadron arrived in April 1941 and scored its first kill on 16 May when Lt. Talbot shot down a Ju 87. By this stage, the squadron was only flying Hurricanes, by the time of Operation Crusader the squadron was part of No.258 Wing RAF, under the direct command of Air Headquarters Western Desert. On 3 July 1942, the squadron was intercepting a German raid on the Alamein area while No.272 Squadron RAF was providing them with top cover. The formation came across 15 Junkers Ju-87s escorted by 7 Bf109s,274 Sqn attacked the Bf109s whilst 1 Sqn went after the Ju87s, after the Battle of Alamein, the squadron received Spitfires as replacements for their Hawker Hurricanes. On the 22nd, the Squadron Spitfires joined by Kittyhawks from SAAF2,4 and 5 Squadrons intercepted 21 huge Me323s attempting to bring in fuel to Tunisia and they destroyed 16 Me323s and two of their fighter escorts. After this successful intercept, Goering forbade all transport flights to Africa, the decision was overturned two days later after protests from Kesselring, on condition that all future flights were made by night. During the fighting in the Western Desert in 1941 they acquired their nickname The Billy Boys because whenever successful in combat, the South African pilots would shout Jou Bielie. over the radio. By July 1943,1 Sqn had ceased operations in North Africa and were tasked with patrolling the beaches where the landings for the invasion of Sicily were to take place. After the successful landings of Operation Husky and the subsequent exploitation, the Squadron then moved to Italy and supported the assault on Rome, claiming 16 enemy aircraft destroyed during this battle
9.
A10 road (England)
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The A10 is a major road in England. Its southern end is at London Bridge in the London Borough of Southwark, from London to Royston it chiefly follows the line of Roman Ermine Street. Within the City of London, the route of the A10 comprises King William Street, Gracechurch Street, Bishopsgate and it then becomes Shoreditch High Street, Kingsland Road, Kingsland High Street and Stoke Newington Road. It runs through Stoke Newington as Stoke Newington High Street and then becomes Stamford Hill, in July 2013, the Tottenham Hale gyratory was removed and the A10 now follows the route of Tottenham High Road in both directions. North of Tottenham, the A10 leaves its historical route of Tottenham High Road/Hertford Road to join the Great Cambridge Road via Bruce Grove, the Roundway is the southern end of a long dual carriageway section of the A10, which extends to just south of Buntingford. This dual carriageway section bisects the London Borough of Enfield, skirting the Enfield fringes of Enfield Town before crossing the M25 motorway at junction 25, near Waltham Cross. Until the late 1970s, the Great Cambridge Road passed through the towns of Broxbourne, Hoddesdon, since then, an all-purpose road from Cheshunt by-passes these towns. The Kingsmead Viaduct takes the A10 high over the Lea Valley between Hertford and Ware and the Hertford East Branch Line railway. North of Ware, a further scheme was opened in late 2004, taking the A10 around the Hertfordshire villages of Wadesmill, Thundridge, High Cross. The bypass would have opened sooner, but the lime-stabilised subsoil heaved, a substantial portion of the road surface had to be relaid. Further north, there is another section of 1970s dual carriageway road between Puckeridge and Buntingford, the contract for which was awarded to Meres Construction Ltd in April 1972, Buntingford was by-passed in the 1980s, however this is only single carriageway. From Buntingford, the runs through the villages of Chipping, Buckland. A10 traffic is signposted to travel north on the M11, skirting round the top of Cambridge on the A14, however, the former course of the A10 turns into the A1309 and heads for the city centre. The A10 reappears to the north of Cambridge at the Milton Interchange of the A14 and heads north, bypassing Ely and its northern section runs along the valley of the River Great Ouse. Where the A10 bisects Cheshunt as a dual carriageway, it is prone to traffic congestion. However, in the wake of protests against a scheme in Wanstead, this was dropped. Society for All British Road Enthusiasts entry for the A10 Road to Nowhere – A10
10.
A13 road (England)
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The A13 is a major road in England linking Central London with east London and south Essex. Its route is similar to that of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway and it is a trunk road between London and the Tilbury junction, a primary route between there and Sadlers Hall Farm near South Benfleet, and a non-primary route between there and Shoeburyness. Then it goes through Barking, Dagenham and Rainham before it reaches the M25, then it goes past Pitsea and a new junction that turns the A13 in to the A130. Then the A13 continues on to Shoeburyness where the road ends, at the London end, Commercial Road and East India Dock Road form one of two main arteries through the historic East End. The A13 route is a recent addition to Londons radial network. Commercial Road dates from 1802, while East India Dock Road was set out from 1806-1812, the first iron bridge across the River Lea was built in 1810. Today the route is largely single carriageway, though notable is the junction with the A12. This section of A13 is used by the important London Bus routes 15 and 115 and this grade-separated route continues all the way to the Greater London Boundary. Notable junctions include Canning Town, and the A406 junction near Beckton, as well as the single carriageway Lodge Avenue flyover near Barking and this section is structurally sound and built to high standards, but was subject to a 40 mph speed limit. Prior to grade-separation, the limit was 50 mph. Works involved inserting new underpasses at Prince Regent and Movers Lane, a new flyover at Beckton Alps, also inserted was the free-flow link to the A1261 tunnel. London Bus route 173 is the route to use the A13 here. However, the limit was increased back to 50 mph in 2011. The contract also included the Wennington to M25 motorway section and it has National Speed Limit from just east of Goresbrook Interchange. London Bus routes 173 and 287 are the routes to use the A13 here. The A13 here is a much older dual carriageway, dating mostly to the 1980s, including the four-lane flyover above the M25, the Wennington to M25 section opened in late 1998. The next junction, the turn-off for Lakeside, has only west-facing slips and it is then dual three lanes past the junction with the A1089, the road into Tilbury, and loses its Trunk Road status to the latter. The A13 finally drops down to two each way at the nearby A128 junction
